South Wales Police facial recognition trial

A trial of facial recognition technology at football and rugby matches, music festivals, and on city streets by South Wales Police (SWP) from May 2017 to April 2019 met with significant criticism from civil and privacy rights advocates. 

South Wales Police's trial consisted of mobile video cameras hooked up to facial recognition software to scan crowds for faces on a watchlist. 

It's use of the technology was ruled unlawful by the UK Court of Appeal in August 2020.

Transparency and accountability 🙈

Risks and harms 🛑

South Wales Police's use of facial recognition has been criticised for inaccurate techology, privacy violations, and poor governance, oversight, and ethics.

False matches

The system was accused of making unacceptably high levels of errors. Over 2,000 people were wrongly identified as possible criminals by South Wales Police's facial recognition system during the 2017 Champions League final in Cardiff. Of the 2,470 potential matches with custody pictures, 2,297 (92%) were wrong.

The force said the high volume of false matches was down to 'poor quality images' supplied by agencies including UEFA and Interpol. They also argued it could be attributed to it being the first major use of the equipment. 

A later evaluation of the system by Cardiff University found it flagged 2,900 possible suspects, but 2,755 were false matches.

Ed Bridges legal challenge

Campaign group Liberty brought a legal case against South Wales police after Cardiff resident and civil rights activist Ed Bridges claimed the force had invaded his privacy and data protection rights by capturing and processing his facial features whilst he was shopping and when he was attending a defence industry exhibition.

Bridges lost his first challenge, with the two judges ruling the technology was lawful. 

However, he won on Appeal, with the court finding that there had been inadequate guidance on where the system could be used and who could be put on a watchlist, its data protection impact assessment was deficient, and the force had failed to take reasonable steps to find out if the software contained racial or gender bias.

Legal and ethical standards

An October 2022 report (pdf) by researchers at University of Cambridge's Minderoo Centre for Technology and Democracy found that the South Wales Police trial had failed to meet minimum expected ethical and legal standards. 

The report singled out the force's failure to establish limits on the use of facial recognition technology at protest assemblies, inadequate oversight, concerns about the independence of the Joint Independent Ethics Committee and the lack of human rights, equality, or data protection experts on the committee, and the lack of public consultation, notably with marginalised communities.

Legal, regulatory 👩🏼‍⚖️

• UK Court of Appeal (2020). R (Bridges) -v- CC South Wales

• Liberty. Legal Challenge - Ed Bridges vs South Wales Police

• UK Information Commissioner (2019). The use of live facial recognition technology by law enforcement in public places (pdf)

• UK Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner (2019). The use of facial recognition technology by South Wales police

Research, advocacy 🧮

• Big Brother Watch (2020). Briefing on facial recognition surveillance (pdf)

• Ritchie K.L., Cartledge C., Growns B., Yan A., Wang Y., Guo K., Kramer R.S.S., Edmond G., Martire K.A., Mehera San Roque M., White D. (2021). Public attitudes towards the use of automated facial recognition technology in criminal justice systems around the world

Investigations, assessments, audits 🧐

• Minderoo Centre for Technology & Democracy (2022). A Socio-Technical Audit: Assessing Police Use of Facial Recognition (pdf)

• Cardiff University (2018). Evaluating the Use of Automated Facial Recognition Technology in Major Policing Operations

News, commentary, analysis 🗞️

• https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/facial-recognition-south-wales-police-17202103

• https://www.wired.co.uk/article/police-facial-recognition-south-wales-court-decision

• https://www.biometricupdate.com/202008/facial-recognition-lessons-for-the-private-sector-from-the-south-wales-police-case

• https://onezero.medium.com/a-facial-recognition-giant-refuses-to-share-details-about-its-algorithm-dataset-df27a208683d

• https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-53734716

• https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/facial-recognition-wrongly-identified-2000-14619145

• https://news.sky.com/story/facial-recognition-technology-who-watches-the-watchers-11725536

• https://techxplore.com/news/2020-08-uk-court-recognition-violates-human.html

• https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/11/swp-facial-recognition-unlawful.html

• https://www.wired.co.uk/article/face-recognition-police-uk-south-wales-met-notting-hill-carnival

• https://www.zdnet.com/article/facial-recognition-could-be-most-invasive-policing-technology-ever-warns-watchdog/

• https://onezero.medium.com/a-facial-recognition-giant-refuses-to-share-details-about-its-algorithm-dataset-df27a208683d

• https://www.theregister.com/2020/06/30/nec_neoface_watch_afr_locate_details_liberty

• https://www.biometricupdate.com/202007/nec-tells-uk-court-facial-biometrics-not-scraped-from-internet-but-declines-training-dataset-details

• https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/aug/11/south-wales-police-lose-landmark-facial-recognition-case

• https://onezero.medium.com/nec-is-the-most-important-facial-recognition-company-youve-never-heard-of-12381d530510