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Autopilot is an 'Advanced Driver Assistance System' (ADAS) designed, developed and managed by Tesla. It is classified as an SAE Level 2 system, in which a car is able to act autonomously but requires the driver to monitor the driving at all times and be prepared to take control at a moment's notice.
Launched in 2014, Autopilot was initially limited to automatic parking and the ability to summon a car on private property. In 2016 automatic emergency braking, adaptive cruise control and lane centering capabilities were introduced.
Tesla's Full-Self Driving (FSD) capability is an enhanced version of Autopilot that offers users a suite of more advanced features, including adaptive cruise control, automatic steering, automatic lane changing, auto park, traffic light recognition, stop sign recognition, and the ability to summon a car from a parking spot or garage.
A beta version of FSD was offered to a small group of users in the US in October 2020, expanding in May 2021 to a few thousand employees and customers and in October 2021 to Tesla drivers scoring full marks on a proprietary safety scoring system.
Self-driving car
A self-driving car, also known as a autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car or robo-car, is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input.
Source: Wikipedia 🔗
Website: Tesla Autopilot, Full Self-Driving 🔗
Released: 2014; 2020 (FSD)
Developer: Tesla
Purpose: Automate steering, acceleration, braking
Type: Driver assistance system
Technique: Computer vision; Machine learning; Neural network
TeslaMotors subbreddit (unofficial)
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Tesla's Autopilot and Full-Self Driving systems is seen to exhibit multiple transparency and accountability limitations:
Algorithmic black box. Making it difficult for users to understand how decisions are made or how the systems function. There's limited public information on how they work, leaving users uncertain about the underlying mechanisms.
User communication. Tesla's dashboard display fails to provide insight into its internal workings, making it challenging for drivers to understand the system's decision-making process.
Privacy. While Tesla claims to protect privacy, the extent of data collection and usage, particularly regarding camera recordings and vehicle data, remains somewhat unclear.
Third-party audits. There appears to be no provision for third-party audits or independent validation of the Autopilot system's performance and safety standards.
Regulatory oversight. Tesla has significant autonomy in determining software updates, potentially prioritising customer satisfaction over safety restrictions. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has had to request detailed information about software updates and their impacts, indicating a lack of proactive disclosure.
Tesla Autopilot and FSD have been criticised for being inaccurate and unsafe, violating the privacy of its customers and the general public, misleading marketing, and inadequate transparency and accountability.
According to Tesla Deaths, Autopilot is verified as responsible for 44 deaths.
April 2023. A Reuters report alleged Tesla employees had been privately sharing private videos images and videos recorded by its customers' car cameras on its internal messaging system and with third party suppliers in order to improve Tesla's computer vision machine learning systems.
February 2023. An investigation by the Netherland's Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch Data Protection Authority) ruled Tesla had violated the privacy of people coming close to its cars. Tesla's Sentry Mode uses four cameras continuously filming everything around a parked vehicle to protect it against theft and vandalism, with images saved for one hour in the car itself.
October 2022. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) opened a civil investigation into whether Tesla had been misleading investors about the safety of its Autopilot system, according to The Wall Street Journal.
A 2021 study of three Tesla Model 3 cars discovered (pdf) they exhibited 'significant between and within vehicle variation on a number of metrics related to driver monitoring, alerting, and safe operation of the underlying autonomy... suggest[ing] that the performance of the underlying artificial intelligence and computer vision systems was extremely variable.'
Tesla owners have also complained about the 'phantom braking' of their vehicles, an issue traced by the Washington Post to Tesla's decision to stop using radar sensors in new vehicles in order to move to its Tesla Vision camera-based system, and to an update to its Full-Self Driving beta programme.
Tesla and its CEO Elon Musk have been regularly dogged by accusations of systematically over-stating Autopilot and Full-Self Driving (FSD) capabilities, and under-stating their role in accidents - allegations have resulted in multiple complaints, investigations, and lawsuits against Tesla.
Autopilot and FSD are considered likely to have been involved in and/or responsible for the following fatal accidents:
July 2023. Tesla Model 3 collides with Subaru Impreza, kills two
July 2023. Tesla Model Y crashes into tractor-trailer, killing driver
February 2023. Tesla Model 3 crashes into bus in Rui’an, kills one
November 2022. Tesla Model Y collides with two cars in Taizhou, kills two
November 2022. Tesla Model Y Chaozhou crash kills two, injures three
August 2022. Tesla rear-ends Kawasaki motorcycle, kills rider
July 2022. Tesla Model Y rear-ends Yamaha motorcycle, kills rider
July 2022. Tesla Model 3 rear-ends Harley-Davidson, kills rider
May 2022. Drunk driver using Tesla FSD killed after car hits tree
May 2022. Tesla Model S strikes curb, kills three passengers
July 2021. Tesla kills New York man changing tyre on expressway
May 2021. Tesla Model 3 strikes over-turned truck, kills driver
April 2021. Tesla Model S crashes into tree, kills two passengers
September 2020. Tesla Model S kills truck driver standing on road
December 2019. Tesla Model S runs red light, kills two
August 2019. Tesla Model 3 rear-ends Ford pick-up, kills passenger
April 2019. Tesla Model S kills Florida Keys pedestrian
March 2019. Tesla Model 3 crashes into 18-wheeler truck, kills owner
April 2018. Tesla Model X kills pedestrian outside Tokyo
March 2018. Tesla Model X veers off highway into concrete barrier, kills driver
May 2016. Tesla Model S collides with tractor-trailor, kills driver
January 2016. Tesla Model S crashes into road-sweeper, kills driver
Cummings M.L., Bauchwitz B. (2021). Safety Implications of Variability in Autonomous Driving Assist Alerting (pdf)
NHTSA (2023). 'Elon mode' special order (pdf)
California DMV (2022). Accusation Against Tesla Inc., Vehicle Manufacturer
California DMV (2022). Accusation Against Tesla Inc., Vehicle Dealer
Plainsite. California DMV Tesla Robo-Taxi / FSD E-Mails
Page info
Type: System
Published: June 2023
Last updated: August 2024