What happened

Reports by international human rights organisations and the Associated Press detailed the deployment of thousands of high-definition cameras equipped with AI-powered facial recognition, automatic tracking, and pattern-of-life analysis software across Kathmandu and along the Nepal-China border.

Primarily manufactured by Chinese firms Hikvision, Dahua, and Uniview, the systems often run on cloud infrastructure supported by international providers, and are used to identify Tibetan activists and refugees in real-time. 

In September 2025, during periods of regional political unrest, the technology enabled Nepali police, frequently acting on intelligence shared by the Chinese Embassy, to conduct preemptive arrests of individuals identified by algorithms as "persons of concern" before they could attend protests.

Beyond physical arrests, the pervasive monitoring has created a "digital panopticon" that has stifled the Free Tibet movement in Nepal. Refugees report living in a state of constant fear, leading to "suffocation" of their cultural and religious expressions, forced displacement, and the loss of their remaining legal rights as the Nepalese government increasingly aligns its security policies with Beijing's interests.

Why it happened

The expansion of Chinese surveillance infrastructure into Nepal results from a combination of geopolitical influence and technology export strategies. 

China offers affordable and comprehensive security systems to partner governments like Nepal’s, accompanied by training and law-enforcement support. Nepal has accepted these systems amid broader diplomatic and economic ties with Beijing, partly due to budget constraints and the appeal of low-cost technology solutions. 

Chinese authorities and companies have invested in building surveillance capacity beyond their own borders as part of a broader push to export “public security” technology globally. 

While China denies coercion, leaked documents and reporting suggest close operational cooperation between Chinese security officials and Nepalese police in deploying and using these systems. 

The technology’s AI-driven features markedly improve the ability to monitor, classify, and intervene in social activity, intensifying control over populations deemed politically sensitive.